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TESTIMONY
OF JOHN G. CLARK, JR., M.D. |
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“All of the groups that we are talking about have living
leaders who are demonstrably wealthy. The beliefs of all
these cults are absolutist and non-tolerant of other
systems of beliefs. Their systems of governance are
totalitarian. A requirement of membership is to obey
absolutely without questioning. Their interest in the
individual’s development within the cult towards some
kind of satisfactory individual adult personality is by
their doctrines, very low or nonexistent. It is clear
that almost all of them emphasize money making in one
form or another, although a few seem to be very much
involved in demeaning or self denigrating activities and
rituals. Most of them that I have studied possess a good
deal of property and money which is under the
discretionary control of the individual leaders.
Most of the cults of concern consider themselves purely
religious; some others appear to be more political. One
of the most important of the common properties of such
cults is the presence of a leader who, in one way or
another, claims special powers or may even allow himself
to be thought of as the Messiah. Such leaders do have
special personal qualities, including a unique worldview
and special willingness to effect drastic changes in the
thinking and behavior of followers.
It appears that the techniques utilized by these cults
are very similar overall although each one uses its own
peculiar style. It would appear obvious that all of
these cults have worked out ways of gaining access to
susceptible individuals in order to have served to any
degree. Those who succumb to the enlisting efforts seem
to be divided into two rather distinct groups. The first
is composed of the "seekers" of whom we all know,
popularly though incorrectly thought to constitute the
entire population of susceptible people. They are
schizophrenic, chronically so, or borderline
personalities. It is quite clear that the existence of
emotional or personality problems is a reason for
becoming involved in the cults and that most mental
health professionals consider only this reason at
present.
These inductees involve themselves in order to feel
better because they are excessively uncomfortable with
the outside world and themselves. Such motivated
versions are "restitutive," in that the "seekers" are
trying to restore themselves to some semblance of
comfort in a fresh, though false, reality. We also see
this attempt at restitution in the development of the so
called secondary symptoms of schizophrenia and other
forms of mental illness as the attempt at restitution of
a troubled or damaged mind to put together a new,
simplified mental world and style of reasoning in order
to compensate for the terrible awareness (or near
awareness) of personal vulnerability. Approximately 58%
of inductees were found to be in this first group from
my studies.
From a clinicians point of view the first or restitutive
group under the influence of cult indoctrination and
practices is very much at risk. In many ways it can be
very easily shown from long experience within the mental
health field how very much more damaged they may become
by being given a thought disorder by a group that
conforms to a prior tendency to this sort of thinking
disability. Their chances of ever developing a good
relationship to outer reality and becoming autonomous
individuals must, perforce, diminish with the passage of
time. I am reminded of the chronic schizophrenics of
some years ago whose psychotic style of thinking became
totally institutionalized when placed in the back wards
of hospitals for such a long enough time that they
ultimately could no longer think at all effectively. The
healthier second group, though theoretically less
totally vulnerable, is more easy to identify with; their
problems may be especially revealing, as I will try to
explain.
These people tend to be from intact, idealistic,
believing families with some religious background. Often
they had not truly made any of the major shifts toward
independence, and so, left home at the appropriate time
believing they were ready for freedom. When this belief
was seriously challenged in this brave new world by
their first real set backs or by any real crisis they
became covertly depressed, thus enhancing their
susceptibility to the processes of conversion.
In my opinion, the last stage of this process in both
adaptive and restitutive groups probably may evolve
after four to seven years. This would be "acculturation"
and would be irreversible. This stage may be compared to
that of the untreated person with a schizophrenic
illness who slides without proper help into a kind of
personal degradation which, if unchallenged or untreated
in time finally becomes acculturated and permanent.
Anyone trying to nudge a person from this acquired style
of thinking and behavior as we in mental health field
know very well is going to feel that he is the natural
enemy of his own patient. In my opinion, I repeat, by
acculturation this new style of thinking may become
irreversible.
Before this final state cult members seem to experience
two forms of personality: the original and the imposed.
The original is complex, full of love relationships,
expectations and hopes and, especially rich language.”
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